Metformin

Metformin is a widely prescribed first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome that provides clear benefits regarding glucose metabolism and diabetes-related complications [1, 6, 8]. Beyond glycemic control, low-dose metformin has been demonstrated to significantly improve healthspan and lifespan in mice [4] and to retard aging in *C. elegans* by altering microbial folate and methionine metabolism [6]. However, human translational data present mixed results; for instance, metformin does not appear to delay epigenetic age acceleration [8], and its capacity to target aging processes in non-diabetic older adults continues to be explored through whole blood transcriptome analyses [10].

Despite its established clinical utility, the precise physiological mechanisms underlying metformin remain complex and are still not fully understood [1]. While it is known to reduce hepatic glucose production, this mechanism does not account for all of its observed systemic effects [1], and the drug also impacts the composition of the human gut microbiota [2].