Exercise

Based on the provided sources, scientific consensus highlights physical activity and exercise as critical modifying factors that influence health span, longevity, and functional independence during aging [6, 7]. Epidemiological and clinical evidence demonstrates that regular exercise (such as walking, stair climbing, and sports) is inversely related to all-cause mortality and extends length of life [7]. Furthermore, targeted exercise interventions are investigated for their potential to counteract age-associated conditions such as decreases in skeletal muscle mass, disability, and functional decline in vulnerable elderly populations, including hip fracture patients [9].

Despite widespread recognition of these benefits, open questions remain regarding the precise mechanistic pathways through which exercise modulates aging biomarkers. Specifically, researchers continue to evaluate how physical activity influences circulating inflammaging- and immunosenescence-related biomarkers in older adults and individuals with chronic diseases [10], as well as its specific role in altering growth factors and inflammatory markers within skeletal muscle [9].