Mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes: A novel therapeutic approach for aging

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a vital component of the adult stem cell repertoire, are distinguished by their dual capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. The therapeutic effects of MSCs are primarily mediated through mechanisms such as homing, paracrine signaling, and cellular differentiation. Exosomes (Exos), a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by MSCs via the paracrine pathway, play a pivotal role in conveying the biological functions of MSCs. Accumulating evidence from extensive research underscores the remarkable anti-aging potential of both MSCs and their Exos. This review comprehensively explores the impact of MSCs and their Exos on key telomere(definition) attrition, cellular senescence(definition))." style="text-decoration:underline dotted; text-underline-offset:2px; cursor:help;">hallmarks of aging(definition), including genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis(definition), impaired macroautophagy, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction(definition), cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. Furthermore, this paper highlights emerging strategies and novel approaches for modulating the aging process, offering insights into potential therapeutic interventions. • Hallmarks of aging: The hallmarks of aging are diverse and the features interact with each other rather than being independent of each other. This article wants to use hallmarks of aging as an entry point to explore whether improving the relevant indicators can delay aging. Hallmarks of Aging: The hallmarks of aging are diverse and interdependent, interacting with each other rather than functioning independently. This article aims to use these hallmarks as a framework to investigate whether enhancing relevant indicators can delay the aging process. • Mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes: Mesenchymal stem cells have strong tissue regeneration and repair ability, and the exosomes released by the paracrine pathway make one of their important roles, and the exosomes from exosomal stem cells have a number of biological roles, such as: homing, enhancement of cell viability and inhibition of apoptosis, promotion of stem cell differentiation, enhancement of the ability of stem cells to migrate, anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis (inhibition of scarring), antioxidant effects (reduction of oxygen free radicals), promotion of blood vessel formation and fibroblast function and enhancement of matrix integrity and so on. reduction of free radicals), promotion of angiogenesis and fibroblast function, and enhancement of matrix integrity. Based on these properties, the use of stem cell exosomes in the treatment of diseases can avoid the immune reactions associated with stem cell transplantation as well as reduce the potential risk of tumour-promoting properties, and therefore we expect that they can also play a role in the delay of aging. • Currently, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have been reported in slowing down aging-related diseases, and most of them can be improved by improving aging hallmarks to ameliorate aging-related diseases and slowing down the aging of the body. Currently, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have been reported to mitigate aging-related diseases, with many improvements attributed to the amelioration of aging hallmarks.