Editorial: Genetic and molecular mechanisms of healthy aging and age-related diseases

The respiratory system is one of the primary areas where aging-related decline is evident. Cellular and functional changes in the airway, particularly in the trachea and bronchus, contribute to diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The trachea and bronchus consist of multiple cell types, but which cells are most susceptible to aging remains unknown. A detailed landscape of gene expression changes at the cell-type level in aging airways is urgently needed. A recent study by Liu and Lu et al, through RNA sequencing and cell-type specific analyses, reveals that the proportion of basal cells, which play a critical role in airway regeneration, decreases significantly with age (doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1120350). This reduction is associated with a weakened ability for tissue repair and regeneration. Moreover, these age-related changes are not limited to the structural components of the airway. Immune regulatory pathways, including TNF and NFkappa B signaling, become increasingly dysregulated with age. This dysregulation leads to heightened inflammation, which can exacerbate chronic respiratory diseases. While these findings are intriguing, they are limited to females, and confirmatory studies are needed to determine if they are consistent in males. Further, it is worthy to validate the relationship between basal cell loss and immune pathway dysfunction. Specifically, it is important to determine whether one drives the other, or if they occur concomitantly during airway aging, and which specific airway aging character is regulated by one or both of them.Sarcopenia is characterized by the loss of muscle mass and strength and affects the mobility and overall life quality of the aging population. Cuproptosis has been implicated in sarcopenia, and identification and validation of cuproptosis-related genes in sarcopenia will offer new insights and could provide therapeutic targets. A study by Zhu et al, through comprehensive bioinformatic analyses of gene expression profiles from muscle biopsies of individuals with sarcopenia and healthy controls, identifies some cuproptosis-related genes including PDHA1, DLAT, PDHB, and NDUFC1 as key biomarkers for diagnosing and potentially treating sarcopenia (doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1136763). These genes are closely linked to mitochondrial energy metabolism, which is crucial for maintaining muscle function. Mitochondrial dysfunction(definition) is increasingly recognized as a driving factor in sarcopenia, leading to impaired muscle repair and regeneration. Interestingly, metformin, a drug traditionally used to treat diabetes, has shown promise as a potential therapeutic agent for sarcopenia by targeting mitochondrial pathways. This research underscores the importance of mitochondrial health in combating age-related degenerative diseases and opens a new avenue for sarcopenia treatments.TGF-β, a member of the superfamily of signaling molecules, is pivotal in various biological processes, including development, homeostasis, and pathogenesis. Studies utilizing the model organism C. elegans have significantly advanced our understanding of the role and underlying mechanisms of TGF-β signaling [3]. A review by Yamamoto and Savage-Dunn summarizes recent research on TGF-b pathways in aging and immunity (doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1220068). As organisms age, they experience a decline in physiological functions and an increase in susceptibility to diseases. TGF-β signaling pathway members including TGF-β/Activin and BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein), have been identified as key regulators in this process. TGF-β signaling not only influences longevity but also has profound implications for immune system health. This dual role underscores the interconnectedness of aging and immune responses, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence. Research in C. elegans has revealed non-canonical aspects of TGF-β signaling that may be relevant for mammalian systems. For instance, a study highlighted the presence of TGF-β signaling and insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) as fundamental pathways associated with healthy aging, particularly in centenarians. The findings suggest that understanding TGF-β's regulatory mechanisms can lead to insights that may enhance our knowledge of aging and improve health outcomes across species. Overall, the insights gained from TGF-β signaling in C. elegans may be applicable to broader biological contexts, particularly regarding aging and immunity.The integrated stress response (ISR) plays a pivotal role in managing cellular stress through modulating protein synthesis, particularly in response to nutrient limitation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Dietary restriction (DR) is a promising way of extending lifespan and preserving healthspan(definition) in various species. It is unclear whether ISR is involved in protein synthesis and lifespan extension in model organisms under DR. A study by Ma et al discovered that DR in C. elegans reduces mRNA translation, activates the ISR, and extends the lifespan of the animals (doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2023.1263344). Interestingly, they found that reduced mRNA translation and extended lifespan occur independently of eIF-2α phosphorylation, a key feature of ISR. However, eIF-2α phosphorylation remains crucial for managing ER stress and ensuring normal survival in these animals. This finding suggests that ISR regulates ER stress and longevity via distinct mechanisms. The other regulatory mechanisms such as nutrient sensing pathways and the unidentified substrate(s) of kinases of GCN2 and PEK-1 implied in the study may be more directly involved in promoting longevity. Understanding how different stress response pathways interact during aging could reveal new targets for extending lifespan and improving stress resilience in older individuals.Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, is a key factor in aging and age-related diseases. Ge