THE IMMUNE CLOCK: HOW AGING REDUCES THE BODY'S DEFENSE AND HOW WE CAN SLOW IT DOWN

Immunosenescence is related to the gradual decline in immune system function associated with aging. This process contributes to increased susceptibility to infections, reduced vaccine response, and higher incidence of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases in the elderly. The main causative factors include quantitative and functional changes in T and B cells, accumulation of senescent cells, chronic low-grade inflammation ("inflammaging(definition)"), and imbalance in cytokine production. Advances in medicine have provided promising strategies for coping with this condition. Emerging clinical methods include the use of senolytics(definition) (drugs that eliminate senescent cells), immune modulators, and stem cell and microbiome-based therapies. In addition, vaccine customization for the elderly has been studied with a focus on increasing immune efficacy in this age group. In parallel, lifestyle interventions have demonstrated a strong impact on attenuating immunosenescence. Regular physical exercise, especially moderate-intensity exercise, improves the immune response and reduces inflammatory markers. A balanced diet, rich in antioxidants, fiber, vitamins (such as A, C, D, E) and omega-3, also plays a central role in modulating immunity and protecting against immunological aging. Therefore, the combination of innovative clinical approaches with healthy habits represents the most effective and sustainable strategy to mitigate the effects of immunosenescence and promote healthy aging.