Intermittent Fasting and Its Relationship with Body Health-An Updated Review

Background: Intermittent fasting (IF) and time-restricted eating (TRE) protocols are becoming popular for promoting health, with evidence supporting benefits like weight loss, enhanced immune function, and reduced risks for diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular conditions. The historical and religious contexts of fasting underscore its longstanding role in human culture, while modern research explores its metabolic effects, including the impact on insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. This review aims to update the scientific understanding of IF and its association with health outcomes. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between intermittent fasting and various health benefits, focusing on metabolic health, aging, immune function, and disease prevention. The review aims to highlight the mechanisms by which IF impacts health and explores the efficacy of different fasting protocols. Methods: The review examines a broad range of studies, including animal models, clinical trials, and molecular studies. Various IF regimens, such as the 5:2 diet, 16:8 method, and alternate-day fasting, are analyzed for their effects on metabolic health, aging, cardiovascular function, and disease prevention. The review also considers the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits, such as autophagy(definition), mitochondrial function, and circadian rhythms. Results: Research indicates that IF leads to weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity, reduced blood pressure, and enhanced lipid profiles. Studies also suggest that IF may protect against cardiovascular diseases, slow the aging process, and improve immune responses. While some results are variable, IF protocols such as 16:8 have shown positive effects on metabolic syndrome, reducing risks for diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. The molecular mechanisms include improved cellular repair processes, autophagy, and better regulation of circadian rhythms. Conclusion: Intermittent fasting emerges as a promising approach to improve overall health, with substantial benefits in metabolic health, weight management, and disease prevention. However, further long-term, large-scale studies are needed to fully understand the differential impacts of various IF protocols. Additionally, the timing and quality of food intake, along with personalized approaches, may enhance the therapeutic outcomes of IF.