Longevity and aging: An integrative perspective on genetic, epigenetic, microbial, and lifestyle interactions

Aging is a multifactorial biological process influenced by genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.Despite advances in biomedical research, the mechanisms determining human longevity and healthy aging remain insufficiently understood.This review aims to analyze key biological mechanisms of aging in relation to lifestyle, environmental, and socio-cultural factors that contribute to lifespan regulation.This narrative review summarizes current data on the nine established telomere(definition) attrition, cellular senescence(definition))." style="text-decoration:underline dotted; text-underline-offset:2px; cursor:help;">hallmarks of aging(definition) proposed by López-Otín et al. and their systemic manifestations across major organ systems.Particular attention is given to sex-related differences in aging trajectories, including hormonal, metabolic, and immune characteristics.The influence of modifiable lifestyle factors is assessed, with emphasis on physical activity and dietary patterns associated with increased longevity.A comparative analysis of the Mediterranean, Okinawan, and Azerbaijani diets reveals common protective features, including antiinflammatory properties, a balanced micronutrient composition, and metabolic resilience.Additionally, emerging evidence on the role of the gut microbiome in aging processes is briefly discussed.The integrated analysis presented in this review highlights the importance of combining biological and lifestyle-based approaches in the development of strategies aimed at promoting healthy aging and extending healthspan(definition).