ProtFI, an efficient frailty-trained proteomics-based biomarker of aging, robustly predicts age-related decline

Chronological age overlooks the heterogeneity in aging. In response, a wide range of molecular aging biomarkers has been developed to better capture an individual”s aging rate. Yet, a comprehensive comparison of modeling choices in the development of these biomarkers is lacking. In this study, we trained aging biomarkers on the Rockwood frailty index (FI) and all-cause mortality using UK Biobank Olink proteomics and metabolomics ( 1 H-NMR) data ( n =40,696). We systematically established the impact of model choice, target outcome, and molecular data source on several age-related outcomes. From this, we developed ProteinFrailty (ProtFI), an elastic net model using a minimal set of proteins to predict FI. ProtFI outperformed established aging biomarkers in relation to diverse outcomes, including incident cardiovascular disease, handgrip strength, and self-rated health, both in internal validation and two Dutch external cohorts ( n =995, n =500). Our findings show that an efficient frailty-trained proteomic biomarker robustly predicts age-related decline.