Long-term rapamycin treatment suppresses IL-17-producing gamma delta T cells and blunts neuroinflammation in aging

Abstract Aging is the gradual accumulation of structural and functional changes in an organism over time, including immune remodeling and a progressive increase in basal inflammation, or inflammaging(definition). The mTOR(definition) pathway is a central driver of aging-related diseases, such as cancer, chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration; pharmacological inhibition with rapamycin(definition) is associated with reduced aged-related morbidity and increased lifespan across species. Nonetheless, concerns remain about the use of rapamycin, a well-established immunosuppressant in transplant medicine, as an anti-aging intervention. Here, we evaluated the impact of prolonged low-dose dietary rapamycin on the aging immune system. Treatment did not significantly alter innate or adaptive immune cell populations, including brain resident microglia; however, it attenuated the age-associated accumulation of IL-17–producing γδ T cells, particularly in the peritoneal cavity. After a peripheral inflammatory LPS challenge, circulating IL-17 levels were significantly reduced and correlated with an attenuation of microglia inflammatory phenotype. These findings suggest that prolonged low-dose rapamycin exposure exerts minor systemic immune changes, while selectively limiting age-related γδ T cell expansion and neuroinflammation associated with systemic inflammation.