Vascular age vs. chronological age in operative risk stratification.

Early vascular aging (EVA) describes a disconnect between an individual's chronological age and their biological vascular age. It is thought to be caused by endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stresses, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Evidence collected over the past three decades suggests that vascular aging may be linked to and exacerbated by conditions such as hypertension (HTN), coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This accelerated vascular aging results in younger individuals having vascular profiles and perioperative risks that would be expected in individuals of a more advanced chronological age.