Taurine, Cardiopulmonary Hemodynamics, and Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome in Broilers

Previous studies have suggested cardiac taurine is released into the plasma in response to hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels) during the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS, ascites). In the present study, broilers reared under cool temperature conditions (16 C) were provided tap water (control group), tap water supplemented with taurine, or tap water supplemented with the taurine transport antagonist beta-alanine. When compared with control values, taurine supplementation consistently elevated free taurine concentrations in the plasma but not in cardiac tissues, whereas beta-alanine supplementation consistently reduced free taurine concentrations in cardiac tissues but not in the plasma. Neither the incidence of PHS nor specific predictors of PHS susceptibility (electrocardiogram Lead II S-wave amplitude, % saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen, heart rate, right to total ventricular weight ratio) were affected by taurine or beta-alanine supplementation. Cardiopulmonary hemodynamic evaluations were conducted to compare control and beta-alanine supplemented broilers breathing room air or air containing 12% oxygen (low oxygen challenge). While breathing room air, the betaalanine-supplemented broilers had higher baseline values for cardiac output (186.2 vs. 146.9 mL/min/kg BW) and pulmonary arterial pressure (27.4 vs. 22.4 mm Hg), similar values for mean systemic arterial pressure (100 vs. 104 mm Hg) and pulmonary vascular resistance (0.062 vs. 0.064 resistance units), and lower values for total peripheral resistance (0.228 vs. 0.296 resistance units) when compared with control broilers breathing room air. During low oxygen challenges, the beta-alanine-supplemented broilers exhibited larger reductions in cardiac output, mean systemic arterial pressure, and pulmonary arterial pressure and greater increases in pulmonary vascular resistance than control broilers. These observations indicate that beta-alanine-supplemented broilers breathing room air had a higher systemic demand for oxygen as evidenced by their lower total peripheral resistance (systemic vasodilation) and had a capacity sufficient to pump a higher cardiac output and, thereby, maintain a similar mean systemic arterial pressure when compared with control broilers. However, cardiac function rapidly deteriorated in beta-alanine-supplemented broilers during low oxygen challenges, leading to substantially greater reductions in cardiac output, stroke volume, and mean systemic arterial pressure when compared with control broilers. Concurrent changes in pulmonary arterial pressure within the beta-alanine group reflect interactions between cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance. Overall, depleting cardiac taurine did not appear to initiate PHS, but systemic hypoxemia developing during the mid- to late-pathogenesis of PHS may expose and incipient cardiac weakness attributable to depleted taurine reserves.