Recommendations for Improving and Standardizing Vascular Research on Arterial Stiffness

M uch has been published in the past 20 years on the use of measurements of arterial stiffness in animal and human research studies.This summary statement was commissioned by the American Heart Association to address issues concerning the nomenclature, methodologies, utility, limitations, and gaps in knowledge in this rapidly evolving field.The following represents an executive version of the larger online-only Data Supplement and is intended to give the reader a sense of why arterial stiffness is important, how it is measured, the situations in which it has been useful, its limitations, and questions that remain to be addressed in this field.Throughout the document, pulse-wave velocity (PWV; measured in meters per second) and variations such as carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV; measured in meters per second) are used.PWV without modification is used in the general sense of arterial stiffness.The addition of lowercase modifiers such as "cf" is used when speaking of specific segments of the arterial circulation.The ability to measure arterial stiffness has been present for many years, but the measurement was invasive in the early times.The improvement in technologies to enable repeated, minimal-risk, reproducible measures of this aspect of circulatory physiology led to its incorporation into longitudinal cohort studies spanning a variety of clinical populations, including those at extreme cardiovascular risk (patients on dialysis), those with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension, healthy elders, and general populations.