Plasma Proteomic Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: A Longitudinal Study

The co-occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in older adults highlights the necessity for the exploration of potential shared risk factors. A total of 566 adults were selected from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, including 111 individuals with AD, 383 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 410 with CVD. The multivariable linear mixed model (LMM) was used to investigate the associations of AD and CVD with longitudinal changes in 146 plasma proteomic biomarkers (measured at baseline and the 12-month follow-up). The LMM showed that 48 biomarkers were linked to AD and 46 to CVD (p < 0.05). Both AD and CVD were associated with longitudinal changes in 14 biomarkers (α1Micro, ApoH, β2M, BNP, complement C3, cystatin C, KIM1, NGAL, PPP, TIM1, THP, TFF3, TM, and VEGF), and both MCI and CVD were associated with 12 biomarkers (ApoD, AXL, BNP, Calcitonin, CD40, C-peptide, pM, PPP, THP, TNFR2, TTR, and VEGF), suggesting intricate connections between cognitive decline and cardiovascular health. Among these, the Tamm Horsfall Protein (THP) was associated with AD, MCI, CVD, and APOE-ε4. This study provides valuable insights into shared and distinct biological markers and mechanisms underlying AD and CVD.