Marking the tempo for myogenesis: Pax7 and the regulation of muscle stem cell fate decisions

Abstract Introduction Pax proteins in muscle formation Pax7/MRF cross‐regulation and the control of satellite cell fate Transcriptional and non‐transcriptional Pax7 functions in myogenic progenitors Protein interactions, post‐translational modifications and the regulation of Pax7 Extracellular signalling and the control of Pax7 in muscle progenitors Concluding remarks Post‐natal growth and regeneration of skeletal muscle is highly dependent on a population of resident myogenic precursors known as satellite cells. Transcription factors from the Pax gene family, Pax3 and Pax7 , are critical for satellite cell biogenesis, survival and potentially self‐renewal; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unsolved. This is particularly true in the case of Pax7, which appears to regulate myogenesis at multiple levels. Accordingly, recent data have highlighted the importance of a functional relationship between Pax7 and the MyoD family of muscle regulatory transcription factors during normal muscle formation and disease. Here we will critically review key findings suggesting that Pax7 may play a dual role by promoting resident muscle progenitors to commit to the skeletal muscle lineage while preventing terminal differentiation, thus keeping muscle progenitors poised to differentiate upon environmental cues. In addition, potential regulatory mechanisms for the control of Pax7 activity will be proposed.