Human mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of neurological diseases

Here we provide a comprehensive data on the unique features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which makes them feasible and preferred candidate for cell-based therapy in neurological clinic. From this point of view the most important features of these cells are: (1) availability from autologous sources independently from age of patient; (2) extensive expansion in vitro; (3) immunomodulatory "bystander" function after transplantation in vivo; (4) potentiality to protect, repair or eventually replace impaired or dysfunctional host cells. For complete this last task of functional regeneration of central nervous system, we have to take advantages of MSCs capability for transient, time-locked proliferation, migration to site of injury and their commitment to neuronal differentiation. However, if we are to make progress in the use of MSCs for therapy in the clinic it will be necessary to establish more unified, advanced standards for cells processing in vitro as well as safer and improved procedures for their delivery in vivo.