Clinical Performance of Posterior Resin Composite Restorations Placed by Undergraduate Students and Postgraduate Trainees: A Retrospective Study Using USPHS and FDI Criteria

This retrospective observational study aimed to evaluate the long-term clinical performance of posterior resin composite restorations placed by undergraduate dental students and postgraduate specialty trainees in pediatric patients. Dental records of children aged 6 to 13 years who received posterior composite restorations at a university-based pediatric dentistry clinic were reviewed. A total of 200 restorations placed on primary and permanent molars were clinically evaluated during routine follow-up visits using standardized assessment systems. The modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria and the FDI World Dental Federation criteria were used to assess esthetic, functional, and biological outcomes. Evaluations were performed by a blinded examiner, and radiographic assessments were conducted when clinically indicated. Clinical outcomes were compared between operator groups according to training level, follow-up duration, restoration type, tooth type, and endodontic treatment history. The findings of this study aim to provide insight into the impact of operator experience on the clinical success and longevity of posterior resin composite restorations in pediatric dentistry and to support evidence-based improvements in undergraduate and postgraduate dental education.