Assessment of Physical and Physiological Changes in Muscle Aging

This study aims to assess the effects of physical activity in counteracting muscle aging. The increasing life expectancy worldwide has led to a rise in age-related muscle decline, which negatively impacts strength, function, and overall quality of life. Sedentary lifestyles further accelerate this process, increasing the risk of frailty, falls, fractures, and disability. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) will investigate whether a structured exercise program can help reduce muscle deterioration. The study will involve 200 participants, divided into three age groups: i) Young adults (18-35 years); ii) Middle-aged adults (35-65 years); iii) Older adults (\>65 years). Participants will be assigned to either a physical activity intervention group or a control group. The intervention group will follow a 48-week structured program including, muscle-strengthening sessions (bodyweight exercises at home) and aerobic sessions (moderate-intensity cardio exercise). The control group will not receive any exercise prescription. The primary objective is to evaluate whether physical activity improves muscle strength, measured through handgrip strength at 12 and 48 weeks. Secondary objectives include: i) assessing changes in muscle mass, function, and quality of life; ii) measuring improvements in physical performance (aerobic capacity, balance, and mobility tests); iii) evaluating psychological and cognitive well-being. This 48-week trial will consist of: i) baseline assessments (body composition, strength tests, physical and cognitive evaluations); ii) intervention period (12 weeks of structured training for the experimental group); iii) follow-up assessments (at 12 and 48 weeks). All participants will undergo periodic evaluations, including anthropometric and body composition measurements (weight, BMI, muscle mass), aerobic and muscle strength tests (handgrip, knee extension, 1-rep max tests), functional mobility assessments (six-minute walking test, chair-stand test), psychological and cognitive evaluations (mood profiles, quality of life surveys, cognitive tests). Engaging in regular exercise may help participants: i) maintain muscle mass and strength; ii) improve physical function and balance; iii) enhance overall well-being and independence; iv) reduce the risk of age-related disabilities. Additionally, the study aims to provide valuable insights into the role of exercise in healthy aging, helping healthcare providers develop personalized interventions for older adults.