THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN HUMAN DISEASES

Mitochondria are essential organelles responsible for cellular energy production, regulation of apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance. Dysfunction of mitochondria has emerged as a central pathological mechanism in numerous human diseases, ranging from neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders to metabolic and age-related conditions. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics have uncovered the intricate relationship between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, oxidative stress, and impaired bioenergetics in disease development. This paper discusses the biological basis of mitochondrial dysfunction(definition), its systemic implications for human health, and the therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring mitochondrial integrity and function. Understanding mitochondrial biology not only reveals insights into the fundamental processes of life but also provides new avenues for the diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases.