Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Aging: Current Insights and Therapeutic Advances

Mitochondrial dysfunction(definition) plays a central role in cardiac aging. Damaged mitochondria release excessive free radicals from the electron transport chain (ETC), leading to an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The accumulation of ROS, together with impaired ROS clearance mechanisms, results in oxidative stress, further disrupts mitochondrial dynamics, and diminishes bioenergetic capacity. Furthermore, the dysfunctional mitochondria exhibit an impaired endogenous antioxidant system, exacerbating this imbalance. These alterations drive the structural and functional deterioration of the aging heart, positioning mitochondria at the center of mechanisms underlying age-associated cardiovascular decline. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on how mitochondrial oxidative stress, mutations on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and disruptions in the fission-fusion balance contribute to cardiomyocyte aging. This review also explores ways to mitigate oxidative stress, particularly with mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, and discusses the emerging potential of mitochondrial transplantation to replace dysfunctional mitochondria.