Direct current stimulation modulates lipid metabolism, neuroplasticity and intercellular communication

Temporal interference (TI) is a promising non-invasive technique for deep brain stimulation, utilizing high-frequency electric fields to generate amplitude-modulated (AM) signals which can target specific brain regions.However, traditional TI has limitations, including challenges in achieving precise temporal control due to its sinusoidal waveforms and difficulties in independently adjusting the intensity and focality of the stimulation.This study introduces significant enhancements to the TI method, including phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation to create single pulsed TI (spTI) and a multipolar configuration (mpTI).These innovations allow for more precise control over both the timing and spatial targeting of the stimulation.We demonstrate the effectiveness of these advanced TI techniques in clinical settings, including patients undergoing stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) for epilepsy and DBS implanted patients with Parkinson's disease.Our findings show that spTI more effectively induces therapeutic responses with lower current thresholds compared to conventional AM TI, likely due to the more sharply defined onset of PSK-modulated pulses.Additionally, the multipolar TI configuration significantly improves the spatial focality of stimulation, providing more targeted locations of modulated field enhancement.These advancements in TI technology offer improved temporal precision and spatial specificity, giving additional parameters for tuning non-invasive deep brain stimulation.The enhanced methods could be potentially interesting for clinical applications, particularly in epilepsy and Parkinson's disease to better test and identify brain targets, and for presurgical brain mapping.